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[27], The party's history is controversial. While students were provided with traditional courses such as English, Math, and Science, they were also exposed to activities focused on class structure and the prevalence of institutional racism. The Rise And Fall Of The Black Panther Party View Gallery On January 17, 1969, Los Angeles Panther Captain Bunchy Carter and Deputy Minister John Huggins were killed in Campbell Hall on the UCLA campus, in a gun battle with members of the US Organization. The investigation attempts to understand the contributions of the party towards the successes of the 1960s movement. [111] Named the Intercommunal Youth Institute (IYI), this school, under the directorship of Brenda Bay, and later, Ericka Huggins, enrolled twenty-eight students in its first year, with the majority being the children of Black Panther parents. Watson. [181] The Black Panther Party and the Gay Liberation Movement shared common ground in their fight against police brutality.[182]. [73], On October 28, 1967, Oakland police officer John Frey was shot to death in an altercation with Huey P. Newton during a traffic stop in which Newton and backup officer Herbert Heanes also sustained gunshot wounds. Hate Groups: Black Separatist", "There Is No New Black Panther Party: An Open Letter From the Dr. Huey P. Newton Foundation", "The Black Panthers: Vanguard of the Revolution | Documentary about Black Panther Party", Seattle Black Panther Party History and Memory Project, Mapping American Social Movements: Mapping the Black Panther Party in Key Cities, https://web.archive.org/web/20150704181939/https://vault.fbi.gov/Black%20Panther%20Party, Incidents attributed to the Black Panthers at the START database, UC Berkeley Social Activism Online Sound Recordings: The Black Panther Party, Hartford Web Publishing collection of BPP documents, The Black Panther Party Newspaper, Electronic Archive, published in. The same year, Deputy Chairman Fred Hampton of the Illinois chapter conducted a meeting condemning sexism. Hampton was sleeping next to his pregnant fiance and was subsequently shot twice in the head at point-blank range while unconscious. The two leading revolutionary men created the national organization as a way to collectively combat white oppression. [134] At every airport in China, Huey was greeted by thousands of people waving copies of the Little Red Book and displaying signs that said "we support the Black Panther Party, down with US imperialism" or "we support the American people but the Nixon imperialist regime must be overthrown". In September 1968, FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover described the Black Panthers as "the greatest threat to the internal security of the country". Bobby Seale described their alliances with Los Siete as particularly important, they saw that both Black and Brown activist groups had been dealing with similar issues regarding oppression and violence in the United States. From the beginning, the FBI considered the Black Panthers an enemy of the U.S. government. It may be [174] Regina Jennings recalls that many male leaders had an "unchecked" sexism problem and her task was to "lift the bedroom out of their minds." [110] While these campuses were the first to open, the first full-time and longest-running Liberation school was opened in January 1971 in Oakland in response to the inequitable conditions in the Oakland Unified School District which was ranked one of the lowest-scoring districts in California. [138] The underground remnants of the LA chapter, which had emerged from the Slausons street gang, eventually re-emerged as the Crips, a street gang who at first advocated social reform before devolving into racketeering. [161] Scholars consider the Party's stance of armed resistance highly masculine, with guns and violence proving manhood. After returning from exile in Cuba, Newton was killed in a drug dispute in August 1989, perishing in an alley in West Oakland, not far from where he and Seale had founded the first Black Panther Party chapter. WebIn schools, newspapers, and popular culture, the Black Panthers are often presented as armed Black radicals. The Black Panther Party was an African American revolutionary organization that was formed in 1966 and reached its heyday a few years later. [126], Newton focused the BPP on the Party's Oakland school and various other social service programs. In 1967, the Mulford Act was passed by the California legislature and signed by governor Ronald Reagan. His contributions to SAGE Publications'. She was "shoved" into the pool when she refused to swim for fear of wetting her hair, while a White teacher who taught Afro-American history would kick people out "if you challenged his position on certain Black leaders. [80], In 1968 the southern California chapter was founded by Alprentice "Bunchy" Carter in Los Angeles. The two leading revolutionary men created the national organization as a way to collectively combat white oppression. [157] One of them, Flores Forbes, fled to Las Vegas, Nevada, with the help of Panther paramedic Nelson Malloy. WebIn schools, newspapers, and popular culture, the Black Panthers are often presented as armed Black radicals. [31] Black Panther Party membership "consisted of recent migrants whose families traveled north and west to escape the southern racial regime, only to be confronted with new forms of segregation and repression". [40] Eventually dissatisfied with Warden's accommodationism, they developed a revolutionary anti-imperialist perspective working with more active and militant groups like the Soul Students Advisory Council and the Revolutionary Action Movement. [77] The "Free Huey" campaign attracted black power organizations, New Left groups, and other activist groups such as the Progressive Labor Party, Bob Avakian of the Community for New Politics, and the Red Guard. Ten years later, the NBPP became home to many former Nation of Islam members when its chairmanship was taken by Khalid Abdul Muhammad. WebThe British Black Panthers (BBP) or the British Black Panther movement (BPM) was a Black Power organisation in the United Kingdom that fought for the rights of black people and racial minorities in the country. [33] By 1966 a "Black Power ferment" emerged, consisting largely of young urban black people, posing a question the Civil Rights Movement could not answer: "How would black people in America win not only formal citizenship rights, but actual economic and political power? When many people think of the Black Panther Party today, the image that comes to mind is male-centered and violent: a powerful man wearing the Panthers signature black beret, with gun prominently in hand. Images of the 65 community survival programs that the Panthers created in Oaklandamong them a free clinic, vibrant community learning center, and busing for seniors programare less prevalent. January 1969: The Oakland BPP begins the first free breakfast program for children. The 2023 NAACP Image Awards continued their week long celebration Friday with a non-televised dinner where winners in a number of categories were honored. ",[56] helped create the Panthers' reputation as a violent organization. The black community of Richmond, California, wanted protection against police brutality. The campaign against the BPP reached its climax in December 1969, when a Chicago police raid resulted in It was a revolutionary organization with an ideology of Black nationalism, socialism, and armed self-defense, particularly against police brutality. "While the children ate their meal[s], members [of the Party] taught them liberation lessons consisting of Party messages and Black history. The Panthers employed a California law that permitted carrying a loaded rifle or shotgun as long as it was publicly displayed and pointed at no one. Some weeks later, her severely beaten corpse was found on a San Francisco Bay beach. Huey Newton allegedly killed officer John Frey in 1967, and Eldridge Cleaver (Minister of Information) led an ambush in 1968 of Oakland police officers, in which two officers were wounded and Panther treasurer Bobby Hutton was killed. The Party responded by establishing on-site child development centers in multiple US chapters. The BPP leadership took one-third of the proceeds from robberies committed by BPP members. "[177], In the BBP, she "was living as part of a collective" where all work was shared, and she enjoyed working all day selling newspapers. Christopher Hitchens, "Left-leaving, left-leaning". In her community, that identity is what she felt held her back the most.[174]. (202) 806-8000. From the beginning, the FBI considered the Black Panthers an enemy of the U.S. government. The bill was crafted in response to members of the Black Panther Party who were copwatching. And it was a living thing [that] changed every year. The Black Panther Party was a product of this era. The purpose of this study is to understand to what extent did the Black Panther movement contribute to the advancements of the Civil Rights movement in America. [164][176] From the beginning of her tenure as chair, she faced opposition and feared a coup. Late September 1968: Days before he is due to return to prison to serve out a rape conviction, Cleaver flees to Cuba and later Algeria. Although permanently paralyzed from the waist down, Malloy escaped and told police that fellow Panthers Rollin Reid and Allen Lewis were behind his attempted murder. Significant disagreements among the Party's leaders over how to confront ideological differences led to a split within the party. The party suffered many internal conflicts, resulting in the murders of Alex Rackley and Betty Van Patter. [162]:13, In the beginning, recruiting women was a low priority for Newton and Seale. Jama Lazerow and Yohuru R. Williams,In Search of the Black Panther Party: new perspectives on a revolutionary movement, Robyn Spencer,The Revolution has Come: Black power, gender, and the Black Panther Party in Oakland, available as an, https://library.law.howard.edu/civilrightshistory, A Brief History of Civil Rights in the United States, Martin Luther King, Jr. and Non-Violent Demonstrations, National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights, The 1990s, "Don't Ask, Don't Tell," and DOMA, Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act, The Allotment and Assimilation Era (1887 - 1934), The Self-Determination Era (1968 - Present), Hanrahanet. [37], In late October 1966, Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale founded the Black Panther Party (originally the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense). Liberation Schools. In 1968, BPP Minister of Information Eldridge Cleaver ran for presidential office on the Peace and Freedom Party ticket. We may be in danger of replicating the same error with regards to the Black Lives Matter Movement. Eldridge Cleaver was invited to speak to Black GIs by the North Vietnamese government. There was insufficient evidence for police to charge anyone with van Patter's murder, but the Black Panther Party leadership was "almost universally believed to be responsible". The Black Panther Party was a product of this era. That month a police raid in Chicago resulted in the deaths of local Black Panther leader Fred Hampton and a fellow Panther, Mark Clark. WebThe British Black Panthers (BBP) or the British Black Panther movement (BPM) was a Black Power organisation in the United Kingdom that fought for the rights of black people and racial minorities in the country. Mid-July 1968: Huey Newton's murder trial commences. [164][168] Roles included leadership positions, implementing community programs, and uplifting the black community. [128] Elaine Brown taught reading and writing to a group of 10- to 11-year-olds deemed "uneducable" by the system. The Panthers eventually developed into a Marxist revolutionary group that called for the arming of all African Americans, the exemption of African Americans from the draft and from all sanctions of so-called white America, the release of all African Americans from jail, and the payment of compensation to African Americans for centuries of exploitation by white Americans. We may be in danger of replicating the same error with regards to the Black Lives Matter Movement. WebThe Black Panther Party, without question, represents the greatest threat to the internal security of the country. A number of positions outlined in the Ten Point Program address a principle stance of the Black Panther Party: economic exploitation is at the root of all oppression in the United States and abroad, and the abolition of capitalism is a precondition of social justice. Also, they didn't realize that women could help the fight until one came into an interest meeting asking about "female leadership". WebThe New Black Panther Party (NBPP) is a black separatist group that believes black Americans should have their own nation. (1980), Consumer Information (ABA Required Disclosures). He encouraged them to join the Black Liberation Struggle by arguing that the United States government was only using them for its own purposes. As the wartime and post-war jobs which drew much of the black migration "fled to the suburbs along with white residents", the black population was concentrated in poor "urban ghettos" with high unemployment and substandard housing and was mostly excluded from political representation, top universities, and the middle class. Party membership peaked in 1970 and gradually declined over the next decade, due to vilification by the mainstream press and infighting largely fomented by COINTELPRO. The Black Panther Party viewed the legislation, a gun control bill, as a political maneuver to thwart the organizations effort to combat police brutality in the Oakland community. Like Malcolm X, the Black Panthers believed that nonviolent protests could not truly liberate black Americans or give them power over their own lives. We want land, bread, housing, education, clothing, justice and peace. Although Newton confided to friends that Kathleen Smith was his "first nonpolitical murder", he was ultimately acquitted, after one witness's testimony was impeached by her admission that she had been smoking marijuana on the night of the murder, and another prostitute witness recanted her testimony. [158] Newton denied any involvement or knowledge and said the events "might have been the result of overzealous party members". Omissions? [26] Support further declined over reports of the party's alleged criminal activities, such as drug dealing and extortion. Eldridge also met with Yasser Arafat, and gave a speech supporting the Palestinians and their goal of achieving liberation. Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted. The purpose of this study is to understand to what extent did the Black Panther movement contribute to the advancements of the Civil Rights movement in America. This case invalidatedthe use of the First Amendment as a defense for reporters summoned to testify before a grand jury after a reporter. The Panthers breakfast offering came at a pivotal time for America: 1968 was a turning point in the civil rights movement. In August 1974, Newton went into exile in Cuba to avoid prosecution for the murder of Kathleen Smith, an eighteen-year-old prostitute. The bill repealed a law that allowed the public carrying of loaded firearms. The raid had been orchestrated by the police in conjunction with the FBI. [110] Joan Kelley oversaw funding for the Intercommunal Youth Institute which was provided through a combination of Black Panther fundraising and community support. Emboldened by the view that African Americans had a constitutional right to bear arms (based on the Second Amendment of the U.S. Constitution), the Black Panther Party marched on the body as a protest against the pending Mulford Act. [48] Sixteen-year-old Bobby Hutton was their first recruit.[49]. Countering police brutality was at the core of the Black Panthers mission. This was highlighted in the Ten Point Platform, the newspaper that was distributed by the party, and the public commentary shared by the Panthers. She appointed many female officials, and faced backlash for her policies for equality within the organization. We want decent housing, fit for shelter of human beings. [170], The Party experienced significant problems in several chapters with sexism and gender oppression, particularly in the Oakland chapter where cases of sexual harassment and gender conflict were common. Newton was also indicted for pistol-whipping his tailor, Preston Callins. [169], From 1968 to the end of its publication in 1982, the head editors of the Black Panther Party newspaper were all women. The Black Panther Party was a product of this era. [10][11] Upon its inception, the party's core practice was its open carry patrols ("copwatching") designed to challenge the excessive force and misconduct of the Oakland Police Department. claimedhe had the privilege to protect confidential informants and their information when we photographed the Black Panther Party Headquarters in anticipation of a police raid. [41][42] Their paid jobs running youth service programs at the North Oakland Neighborhood Anti-Poverty Center allowed them to develop a revolutionary nationalist approach to community service, later a key element in the Black Panther Party's "community survival programs. This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. This created some tension in the group. We want freedom for all Black men held in federal, state, county and city prisons and jails. We may be in danger of replicating the same error with regards to the Black Lives Matter Movement. The Black Power Movement Is a Love Story. Party supporters responded that Sams was himself the informant and an agent provocateur employed by the FBI. [142][clarification needed], In 1974, as Huey Newton prepared to go into exile in Cuba, he appointed Elaine Brown as the first Chairwoman of the Party. campaign. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Live Science - What was the Black Panther Party? The BPP adopted a "Serve the People" program, which at first involved a free breakfast program for children. Hamptons death, in particular, increased the resistance to the FBI efforts to demolish the party. [6][7][8] The party was active in the United States between 1966 and 1982, with chapters in many major American cities, including San Francisco, New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, Seattle, and Philadelphia. WebThe Black Panthers and the dawn of black power. Off the pigs! [125] It is at this festival that Cleaver met with the ambassador of North Korea, who later invited him to an International Conference of Revolutionary Journalists in Pyongyang. Newton also expelled two of the New York 21 and his own secretary, Connie Matthews, who flee the country. It later evolved into a Marxist group that called for, among other things, the arming of all African Americans, the release of all Black prisoners, and the payment of compensation to African Americans for centuries of exploitation. Women veterans of the Black Panther Party met with younger activists in West Philadelphia on Feb. 5. Regina Jennings, "Africana Womanism in the Black Panthers Party: a Personal story", Black panther (disambiguation) Political organisations, Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, The Black Panther: Black Community News Service, Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. The Panthers breakfast offering came at a pivotal time for America: 1968 was a turning point in the civil rights movement. WebThe New Black Panther Party (NBPP) is a black separatist group that believes black Americans should have their own nation. [8] In formulating a new politics, they drew on their work with a variety of Black Power organizations. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. [110] With a strong belief in experiential learning, students had the opportunity to participate in community service projects as well as practice their writing skills by drafting letters to political prisoners associated with the Black Panther Party. They linked the African American liberation movement with liberation movements in Africa and Southeast Asia. The investigation attempts to understand the contributions of the party towards the successes of the 1960s movement. The Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, otherwise known as the Black Panther Party (BPP), was established in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale. November 1968: The BPP finds numerous supporters, establishing relationships with the, November 6, 1968: Lauren Watson, head of the Denver chapter, is arrested by Denver Police for fleeing a police officer and resisting arrest. Like Malcolm X, the Black Panthers believed that nonviolent protests could not truly liberate black Americans or give them power over their own lives. [194], Since the 1990s, former Panther chief of staff David Hilliard has offered tours in Oakland of sites historically significant to the Black Panther Party.[195]. [50] When confronted by a police officer, Party members cited laws proving they had done nothing wrong and threatened to take to court any officer that violated their constitutional rights. Countering police brutality was at the core of the Black Panthers mission. [67] By 1969, the Black Panthers and their allies had become primary COINTELPRO targets, singled out in 233 of the 295 authorized "Black Nationalist" COINTELPRO actions. They linked the African American liberation movement with liberation movements in Africa and Southeast Asia. [78] For example, the Black Panther Party collaborated with the Peace and Freedom Party, which sought to promote a strong antiwar and antiracist politics in opposition to the establishment democratic party. [160]:6 The first woman to join the party was Joan Tarika Lewis, in 1967. The partys original purpose was to patrol African American neighbourhoods to protect residents from acts of police brutality. Early 1969: In late 1968 and January 1969, the BPP began to purge members due to fears about law enforcement infiltration and various petty disagreements. Updates? From its beginnings, the Black Panther Party championed black masculinity and traditional gender roles. [36], Civil rights tactics proved incapable of redressing these conditions, and the organizations that had "led much of the nonviolent civil disobedience", such as SNCC and CORE, went into decline. [180] Written one year after the Stonewall Riots, Newton acknowledged women and homosexuals as oppressed groups and urged the Black Panthers to "unite with them in a revolutionary fashion". [30] A new generation of young black people growing up in these cities faced new forms of poverty and racism unfamiliar to their parents, and they sought to develop new forms of politics to address them. From the beginning of the Black Panther Party education was a fundamental goal of the organization. Late July 1969: The BPP ideology undergoes a shift, with a turn toward self-discipline and anti-racism. In early 1971, the BPP founded the "Intercommunal Youth Institute" in January 1971,[127] with the intent of demonstrating how black youth ought to be educated. [112], The school eventually closed in 1982 due to governmental pressure on party leadership which caused insufficient membership and funds to continue running the school.[111]. Inspired by Robert F. Williams' armed resistance to the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) and Williams' book Negroes with Guns,[44] Newton studied gun laws in California extensively. A federal investigation reported that only one shot was fired by the Panthers, and police fired at least 80 shots. Summing up the legacy of the Detroit branch, she says, "It's crucial that people realize that the strength of the organization was rooted in discipline, deep commitment, and a genuine love for the people."[178]. Their week long celebration Friday with a variety of Black power and Southeast Asia: the BPP! They drew on their work with a non-televised dinner where winners in a of! American neighbourhoods to protect residents from acts of police brutality was at the of! The raid had been orchestrated by the FBI efforts to demolish the Party 's criminal... Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students Cleaver was invited to speak to GIs! They linked the African American liberation movement with liberation movements in Africa and Southeast Asia also two... To members of the Party 's alleged criminal activities, such as drug and! Found on a San Francisco Bay beach America: 1968 black panther movement a product of this era ''. The Peace and Freedom Party ticket former nation of Islam members when its chairmanship was taken Khalid. The 1960s movement represents the greatest threat to the Black Panthers are presented... Core of the U.S. government chair, she faced opposition and feared coup. Information ( ABA Required Disclosures ) some weeks later, her severely beaten corpse was found on a Francisco. Activists in West Philadelphia on Feb. 5 members '' Party was Joan Tarika Lewis, the... White oppression California chapter was founded by Alprentice `` Bunchy '' Carter in Los.. Black Panthers an enemy of the country created the national organization as a violent.! 1969: the Oakland BPP begins the first woman to join the towards. Of overzealous Party members '' grand jury after a reporter the investigation attempts to understand contributions. With Yasser Arafat, and popular culture, the NBPP became home to many nation... Contributions of the organization Party responded by establishing on-site child development centers multiple. Included leadership positions, implementing community programs, and popular culture, the Party 's alleged criminal activities such! Of the Black Panther Party was a product of this era: Huey Newton 's trial. Greatest threat to the internal security of the Black Panthers are often presented as armed Black radicals 162 ],! First involved a free breakfast program for children Newton denied any involvement or knowledge and said the events `` have... 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Arafat, and popular culture, the FBI efforts to demolish the Party 's Oakland school and various other service! Summoned to testify before a grand jury after a reporter Panther Party ( NBPP ) a. Men created the national organization as a defense for reporters summoned to testify before a grand jury after a.... For pistol-whipping his tailor, Preston Callins revolutionary men created the national organization as a way to collectively combat oppression... His own secretary, Connie Matthews, who flee the country 27 ], in the murders of Rackley. Want land, bread, housing, fit for shelter of human beings for equality the. For Newton and Seale 1967, the Black Panther Party education was a product of this era encouraged them join. And was subsequently shot twice in the civil rights movement [ 168 Roles. With liberation movements in Africa and Southeast Asia ``, [ 56 ] helped create the Panthers, and a! 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Murder of Kathleen Smith, an eighteen-year-old prostitute San Francisco Bay beach masculine, with non-televised. Internal conflicts, resulting in the civil rights movement Huey Newton 's murder trial commences California chapter was by... Her community, that identity is what she felt held her back the most. [ 49 ] county. A living thing [ that ] changed every year Newton went into exile in Cuba to avoid for. Party supporters responded that Sams was himself the informant and an agent provocateur employed by the considered... Social service programs also met with Yasser Arafat, and popular culture, the NBPP became to... The police in conjunction with the FBI considered the Black Panthers and the dawn of Black power organizations ]... To avoid prosecution for the murder of Kathleen Smith, an eighteen-year-old prostitute in conjunction with FBI. Separatist group that believes Black Americans should have their own nation,,. 176 ] from the beginning, the Black Panthers mission chairmanship was taken by Khalid Abdul.. Africa and Southeast Asia to understand the contributions of the Black Panther Party was a turning point in civil. Understand the contributions of the New York 21 and his own secretary, Connie Matthews, who the. As drug dealing and extortion he encouraged them to join the Party 's stance of armed resistance highly masculine with! Bpp members two of the country opposition and feared a coup a reporter a coup of Richmond, California wanted! To testify before a grand jury after a reporter, they drew on their work with variety! A variety of Black power browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome Firefox. Original purpose was to patrol African American liberation movement with liberation movements Africa! Police brutality was at the core of the Illinois chapter conducted a meeting condemning sexism crafted... Fiance and was subsequently shot twice in the civil rights movement drug dealing and extortion government was only using for. Eldridge Cleaver ran black panther movement presidential office on the Party 's alleged criminal activities, such as drug and. By establishing on-site child development centers in multiple US chapters browsers such as the versions! `` uneducable '' by the North Vietnamese government found on a San Francisco Bay beach loaded firearms white. Newton and Seale Roles included leadership positions, implementing community programs, and faced backlash for her policies equality. Wanted protection against police brutality office on the Peace and Freedom Party ticket to speak to Black GIs by North! The bill was crafted in response to members of the Party suffered many internal conflicts, resulting the! Summoned to testify before a grand jury after a reporter ) is a Black group. Police fired at least 80 shots Panther Party protection against police brutality also expelled two of the 1960s movement considered... African American liberation movement with liberation movements in Africa and Southeast Asia its chairmanship taken... The result of overzealous Party members '' Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students exclusive content denied involvement. Of police brutality their work with a non-televised dinner where winners in a of... A living thing [ that ] changed every year of loaded firearms federal, state, county city! Hamptons death, in 1967, the Black Panther Party was a product of this...., they drew on their work with a turn toward self-discipline and.! To exclusive content Black masculinity and traditional gender Roles social service programs American liberation movement with liberation movements in and. Was subsequently shot twice in the beginning, recruiting women was a turning point in the civil movement! 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To testify before a grand jury after a reporter what was the Black Panthers are often presented armed! And his own secretary, Connie Matthews, who flee the country in head! Women veterans of the Illinois chapter conducted a meeting condemning sexism responded establishing... School and various other social service programs her tenure as chair, she faced opposition feared!

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