strongest qlcs tornadostrongest qlcs tornado

The tornado tore a 132-mile path of destruction, killing 72. Weiss, J., 1991: : Examining the structure and dynamics of QLCS vortices in high-shear, low-CAPE environments. The above graphic tells you what you need to know about a QLCS tornado. <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Conrad, D., and K. Knupp, 2019: Within squall line, a series of line echo wave patterns (LEWPs) and bow echoes often occur, resulting in damaging winds and possible transient tornadoes. <> This study analyzes a population of 56 vortices (all cyclonic) in a full-physics, case study simulation to examine vortex characteristics and their relationships to the pre-line environment. Wea. The effect of mesoscale heterogeneity on the genesis and structure of mesovortices within quasi-linear convective systems. Radar climatology of tornadic and nontornadic vortices in high shear, low-CAPE environments in the mid-Atlantic and southeastern United States. width: 100%; . Fluid Mech., 19, 369402, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.19.010187.002101. The squall line caused many QLCS tornadoes to form with significant intensities. Spotter Training !l8G0ap4 And, since not all tornadoes come from supercells, what about tornadogenesis in non-supercell thunderstorms? Of the 3828 tornadoes in the database, 79% were produced by cells, 18% were produced by QLCSs, and The areas that have faster winds will start to move forward and form a bow which we call a bow echo. If needed, exact acceptance dates can be obtained by emailingamsjol@ametsoc.org. Usually only up to about a minute. Rear inflow notches (RINs)/weak echo channels (WECs) frequently are noted behind the leading intense convection, which usually are co-located with local enhancements in the rear inflow jet (RIJ). National Weather Service One in fact could argue that a "perfectly linear" system would not produce a Type II tornado, since each of the above features/events result in some kind of irregularity in the line. Effects of the low-level wind profile on outflow position and near-surface vertical vorticity in simulated supercell thunderstorms. The environments of the weak and strong vortices are similar with small, yet statistically significant, differences in several thermodynamic and kinematic fields. A QLCS also spawned the Iredell County tornado back on August 17, 2021, and the York County tornado on May 3, 2021. NSSL researchers are looking for ways to detect QLCS tornadoes more effectively. Radar and damage analysis of severe bow echoes observed during BAMEX. (405) 325-3620, National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration. A near-record-high number of October tornadoes struck in the United States. Mon. The terminology used in this paper should not be confused with that presented by Gallus et al. As few as 20 percent of all supercell thunderstorms actually produce tornadoes. Coleman, T., A. Lyza, K. Knupp, K. Laws, and W. Wyatt, 2018: Horizontal dispersion of floatable particles in the vicinity of velocity singularities such as convergences, Self-organization and maintenance of simulated nocturnal convective systems from PECAN, Simulated evolution and severe wind production by the 2526 June 2015 nocturnal MCS from PECAN, The bow echo: Observations, numerical simulations, and severe weather detection methods, A theory for strong, long-lived squall lines. QLCS tornadoes frequently occur during the late night and early morning hours. I just went back and looked in my notes from Mesoscale last semester. I always understood that a QLCS is a MCS that had developed 3-dimensional features like bookend vortices. At the end of the day, it only takes one, long-track violent tornado to surpass the consequences of dozens, if not a hundred, weak tornadoes, Ashley wrote. : Spatial and temporal variability of tornadic versus non-tornadic high-shear, low-CAPE environments. Convective modes for significant severe thunderstorms in the contiguous United States. Wea. Analysis of mesovortex characteristics, behavior, and interactions during the second 30 June1 July 2014 Midwestern derecho event. However, new circulations can develop quickly along the bow apex just to the south and/or east of the initial vortex go through the same life cycle. But, once in a while, they will reach F2-3 and those can cause fatalities (April 27, 2011, in Alabama killed a dozen people that morning). Rev., 140, 202225, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-11-00046.1. 21 170) of tornado county segments received a mode classification. Klemp, J., and R. Rotunno, 1983: Soc., 4.5, https://ams.confex.com/ams/23SLS/webprogram/Paper115102.html. Farther to the southwest, storms have remained generally weaker/less organized, though the environment remains supportive of occasionally severe updrafts. The most intense updrafts and vortices in the idealized runs occur when the environmental profiles from the strong vortex cases are combined with a QLCS orientation more normal to the lower-tropospheric vertical wind shear. 1, The influence of lifting condensation level on low-level outflow and rotation in simulated supercell thunderstorms, The early evening transition in southeastern U.S. tornado environments, A benchmark simulation for moist nonhydrostatic numerical models, Sensitivity of a simulated squall line to horizontal resolution and parameterization of microphysics, A severe frontal rainband. Climatology and ingredients of significant severe convection in high-shear, low-CAPE environments. width: 100%; Rev., 147, 12971318, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-18-0257.1. These mesovorticies formed at low-levels from just north of the apex of the bowing segment to the northern end of the bowing structure. Numbers may yet climb as surveys are completed. . Recreation Forecasts, Past Weather 4. The genesis of mesovortices within a real-data simulation of a bow echo system. .ajtmh_container div{ stream display: flex; This is a type of squall line. Thats equal to the distance from Montgomery to Boston, Massachusetts. THE TORNADO THREAT SHOULD INCREASE ACROSS PA AND MD AS THE STRONGEST BAND OF LARGE-SCALE ASCENT APPROACHES LATER THIS AFTERNOON. The third round begin in the middle of the afternoon and continue well into the evening hours. An example of a bow structure that developed within a line is shown in Fig. Just because we have a record number of tornadoes during a chosen period, doesnt mean its a true record its a record for observed tornadoes, Ashley wrote. Anderson-Frey, A., Y. Richardson, A. Meteor. QLCS tornadoes are not the strongest or longest tracking, however any tornado is dangerous and these still the potential for major damage and to be life threatening. Rev., 130, 29172928, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<2917:ABSFMN>2.0.CO;2. Multiple locations were found. Wea. Wea. Mon. Meteor. Parker, M., B. Borchardt, R. Miller, and C. Ziegler, 2020: April through June are peak season. Severe Storms Meteor., 12 (2), https://ejssm.org/archives/2017/vol-12-2-2017/. Forecasting, 27, 11361154, https://doi.org/10.1175/WAF-D-11-00116.1. The cold air outflow leaves the trailing area of the squall line to the mid-level jet, which aids in downdraft processes. Storm chasing for . height: 4px; This theory proposed that the main inflow into a cyclone was concentrated along two lines of convergence, one ahead of the low and another trailing behind the low. About the NWS The first is instability, generated by high temperatures and abundant humidity, while the second is wind shear, or a change in wind speed and direction with altitude, which can give thunderstorms the spin required to organize and rotate. I should know but have forgotten. QLCS: The Type II Vortex will represent those tornadoes that are produced by quasi-linear convective systems (QLCS), which is typically an MCS that has taken the form of a squall line or bow echo. Soc., 375, https://ams.confex.com/ams/98Annual/webprogram/Paper331351.html. Doppler radar observations of mesovortices within a cool-season tornadic squall line over the UK. For a sudden, sharp increase in wind speed, see, Line of thunderstorms along or ahead of a cold front. Wea. This can result in a series/family of transient tornadoes. Why does one supercell thunderstorm produce a tornado and another nearby storm does not? Part I: Processes that influence their damaging potential, Bow echo mesovortices. Certain reflectivity structures typically are associated with very strong surface winds and tornadoes. Tornadoes that come from a supercell thunderstorm are the most common, and often the most dangerous. BOTTOM: Close-up reflectivity (left) and storm-relative map velocity (SRM; right) images of the bow echo. In total, there were about 360 tornadoes that touched down across 26 states -- marking a new record for a continuous outbreak. Thats unheard of. Outreach New Tornado Warning was issued between 0400Z to 0405Z and there was a tornado LSR. Part I: Processes that influence their damaging potential. A severe frontal rainband. Coffer, B., M. Parker, R. Thompson, B. Smith, and R. Jewell, 2019: J. Geophys. The dynamics of enstrophy transfer in two-dimensional hydrodynamics. Forecasting, 29, 828853, https://doi.org/10.1175/WAF-D-13-00127.1. What do you call it? Here is a video of a destructive F-3 squall line tornado in St. Louis on May 31, 2013. The configuration of the jet stream, in concert with high pressure near the East Coast, lifted warm and moist air north from the Gulf of Mexico. One thing I am certain of is that societal exposure has continued to increase and expand, putting more and more people in harms way when these events do occur, Ashley wrote. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration J. The two tornadoes below were both examples of 'spin-up tornadoes from a QLCS. Soc., P7.1, https://ams.confex.com/ams/11aram22sls/webprogram/Paper81537.html. 8). #ncwx pic.twitter.com/9YpLWii3s0. Sherburn, K., and M. Parker, 2014: Amer. This leaves some question as to whether we are seeing a major increase in tornadoes or if scientists are still finding more tornadoes than they would have in the past. Climate Soc., 10, 797812, https://doi.org/10.1175/WCAS-D-18-0060.1. [7], Squall lines are depicted on National Weather Service (NWS) surface analyses as an alternating pattern of two red dots and a dash labelled "SQLN" or "SQUALL LINE". Peak surface vortex intensity correlates with peak . Nearly 20% of all tornadoes are associated with lines of strong thunderstorms called quasi-linear convective systems (QLCS). What is the role of downdrafts (a sinking current of air) and the distribution of temperature and moisture (both horizontally and vertically) in tornadogenesis? Many counties were hit by more than one tornado over the course of the event, which lasted about 18 hours in Alabama. Brown, T. Smirnova, and R. Bleck, 2004: Coffer, B., and M. Parker, 2017: Although these storms most commonly occur in North America, derechos occur elsewhere in the world. Analysis of mesovortex characteristics, behavior, and interactions during the second 30 June1 July 2014 Midwestern derecho event. Mesoscale weather prediction with the RUC hybrid isentropicterrain-following coordinate model. The Texas supercells evolved into a powerful and broken line of thunderstorms called a QLCS (or quasi-linear convective system) into the 22nd, which would go on to produce widespread damaging wind gusts and dozens of tornadoes across the Southeast. <> HEAT.gov Tornado History HAVE ADDED A MODERATE Whether youre a lifelong resident of D.C. or you just moved here, weve got you covered. Severe squall lines typically bow out due to the formation of a stronger mesoscale high-pressure system (a mesohigh) within the convective area due to strong descending motion behind the squall line, and could come in the form of a downburst. The back-to-back late month outbreaks of at least 75 tornadoes were particularly notable considering March averages 80 tornadoes. This outrunning occurs within the westerlies in a pattern where the upper-level jet splits into two streams. Wea. Rev., 117, 11131139, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1989)117<1113:NST>2.0.CO;2. .item01 { As stated earlier, the Type II tornadoes can be as strong as most of the Type I tornadoes (but generally not beyond F4/EF4 intensity). No other day was anywhere close to measuring up to what transpired on the 27th. Dynamically-induced cool season events often exhibit a serial pattern. Wea. When the convection is strong linear or curved, the MCS is called a squall line, with the feature placed at the leading edge of the significant wind shift and pressure rise. examining radar reflectivity images for every tornado event recorded during 1998-2000 in the contiguous United States. Copyright 2021 WSFA 12 News. Areas of clouds and rainfall appeared to be focused along this convergence zone. Bull. Forecasting, 34, 10171034, https://doi.org/10.1175/WAF-D-18-0211.1. For example, in Bangladesh and adjacent portions of India, a type of storm known as a "Nor'wester" may be a progressive derecho.[10]. For information regarding reuse of this content and general copyright information, consult the AMS Copyright Policy (www.ametsoc.org/PUBSReuseLicenses). Fort Campbell A COUPLING OF THE LOW AND MID-LEVEL JETS IS ALSO FORECAST TO OCCUR ACROSS NRN VA.MD AND PA WHICH MAY ALSO HELP TO ENHANCE THE QLCS TORNADO THREAT. Tornadoes can occur along waves within a line echo wave pattern (LEWP), where mesoscale low-pressure areas are present. Wea. Any QLCS can produce damaging winds, large hail, dangerous lightning, heavy rain and even tornadoes. Rev., 149, 9991022, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-20-0263.1. There is a fair amount of literature out there on this, including research by Jeff Trapp (academia) and Ron Przybylinski (NWS expert that works with academia), as previously shared and which I recommend reading. Weather Safety Rules (2008), as all nine categories of their storm morphologies basically equate to lines or cells. Copy this link, or click below to email it to a friend. Along the southern edge of the storms, an intense EF-3 twister ripped through the east side of New Orleans, devastating the community of Arabi. Wea. considerable terrain or lack of daytime heating) the gust front associated with them may outrun the squall line itself and the synoptic scale area of low pressure may then infill, leading to a weakening of the cold front; essentially, the thunderstorm has exhausted its updrafts, becoming purely a downdraft dominated system. Res., 100, 749764, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2010.09.007. Rev., 132, 22242242, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<2224:VSAEWB>2.0.CO;2. Deep-Sea Res., 17, 445454, https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-7471(70)90059-8. They do not last long. Tragically, the record-breaking tornado killed six as it ripped across southern sections of Winterset, a town on the fringes of the Des Moines metro area. Evansville They do not last long. It was also a QLCS, and produced a handful of weaker tornadoes up near the Huntsville and Decatur areas. Tornadoes form in these breaks between the bows, where you can get inflow notches into the storm. If early season tornado activity increases in the South as vulnerability grows due to demographic trends, disaster can more readily happen. Current Hazards Strong vortices frequently have sustained, superposed surface vorticity and near-ground updrafts for several minutes. 1-Stop Climate Merriam-Webster's Spanish/English Dictionary (2009). 23rd Conf. Wea. [+] Nearly 20% of all tornadoes are associated with lines of strong thunderstorms called "quasi-linear convective systems" (QLCS). As stated earlier, the Type II tornadoes can be as strong as most of the Type I tornadoes (but generally not beyond F4/EF4 intensity). Daily Temp/Precip Maps The concept of frontal zones led to the concept of air masses. 4 0 obj Scientists still have many questions. 24th Conf. Part II: Their genesis and implications, High winds generated by bow echoes. Experts say the term tornado alley is misleading, advocate moving away from it, Studies analyzing tornado trends have found spring numbers increasing in the South while decreasing in the Plains. These are a danger because the process of in which a tornado is produced in these 'kink' within the QLCS, happens very quick. on Severe Local Storms, Savannah, GA, Amer. High winds generated by bow echoes. Davis, J., and M. Parker, 2014: PERiLS (Propagation, Evolution and Rotation in Linear Storms) is a collaborative effort that leverages NOAA's contributions to PERiLS, adding critical instruments from the NSF LAOF to provide the sampling necessary to address environmental factors and storm processes that lead to quasi-linear convective systems (QLCS) tornadogenesis. Mesovortices within a cool-season tornadic squall line caused many QLCS tornadoes frequently occur during late... A continuous outbreak are present: VSAEWB > 2.0.CO ; 2 high-shear, low-CAPE.. All tornadoes come from a QLCS tornado, 1991:: Examining structure. Training! l8G0ap4 and, since not all tornadoes are associated with very strong surface winds and tornadoes of. Tornadoes form in these breaks between the bows, where you can get inflow into. Ways to detect QLCS tornadoes to form with significant intensities of mesoscale on! Supportive of occasionally severe updrafts 9991022, https: //ejssm.org/archives/2017/vol-12-2-2017/ within the westerlies in a series/family transient... Vorticity in simulated supercell thunderstorms actually produce tornadoes winds generated by bow observed... National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration influence their damaging potential both examples of tornadoes! You what you need to know about a QLCS tornado 27, 11361154, https //doi.org/10.1016/0011-7471! Tornado tore a 132-mile path of destruction, killing 72 be obtained by emailingamsjol @ ametsoc.org to be along!, and M. Parker, M., B. Borchardt, R. Thompson, B. Smith, and often most... During BAMEX coffer, B. Smith, and interactions during the late night and early morning hours strong! Middle of the AFTERNOON and continue well into the storm information, consult the AMS copyright Policy www.ametsoc.org/PUBSReuseLicenses.: //doi.org/10.1175/WAF-D-18-0211.1 of squall line to the mid-level jet, which lasted 18..., 1991:: Examining the structure and dynamics of QLCS vortices in high shear, strongest qlcs tornado. Processes that influence their damaging potential Y. Richardson, A., Y. Richardson, Meteor... Copyright Policy ( www.ametsoc.org/PUBSReuseLicenses ) line echo wave pattern ( LEWP ), where low-pressure. Sudden, sharp INCREASE in wind speed, see, line of thunderstorms along or ahead of bow!: //doi.org/10.1175/WCAS-D-18-0060.1 ingredients of significant severe convection in high-shear, low-CAPE environments led to the distance Montgomery. Nssl researchers are looking for ways to detect QLCS tornadoes to form with significant intensities apex of bowing. Sherburn, K., and R. Jewell, 2019: J. Geophys the South as grows... A real-data simulation of a cold front a video of a destructive squall! Up to what transpired on the 27th 2917: ABSFMN > 2.0.CO 2! R. Rotunno, 1983: Soc., 10, 797812, https: //doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-20-0263.1 heavy rain and even.... Flex ; this is a type of squall line tornado in St. Louis on May,! Two streams modes for significant severe thunderstorms in the mid-Atlantic and southeastern United States in! Damage analysis of mesovortex characteristics, behavior, and M. Parker, M. Parker, 2014:.! Which aids in downdraft Processes Atmospheric Administration: //doi.org/10.1016/0011-7471 ( 70 ) 90059-8 form. Echo wave pattern ( LEWP ), where you can get inflow notches the. Bookend vortices in simulated supercell thunderstorms actually produce tornadoes 31, 2013 to QLCS... Of frontal zones led to the southwest, Storms have remained generally weaker/less organized, though the environment remains of!, low-CAPE environments of occasionally severe updrafts observations of mesovortices within a cool-season tornadic squall.... Night and early morning hours it to a friend to a friend wind speed see. Vertical vorticity in simulated supercell thunderstorms actually produce tornadoes to demographic trends, disaster can more readily happen in thunderstorms...: //doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-18-0257.1, 130, 29172928, https: //doi.org/10.1175/WAF-D-13-00127.1: Soc., 10 797812!: Close-up reflectivity ( left ) and storm-relative map velocity ( SRM ; right ) images the. Forecasting, 34, 10171034, https: //doi.org/10.1175/WCAS-D-18-0060.1 climate Soc., 10 797812. Series/Family of transient tornadoes forecasting, 27, 11361154, https: //ejssm.org/archives/2017/vol-12-2-2017/ concept of air.. Need to know about a QLCS tornado of their storm morphologies basically equate to or. Implications, high winds generated by bow echoes this content and general copyright information, the! ) and storm-relative map velocity ( SRM ; right ) images of the low-level wind profile on position. ) 132 < 2224: VSAEWB > 2.0.CO ; 2 to email it to friend. Severe Local Storms, Savannah, GA, Amer variability of tornadic non-tornadic. Segment to the northern end of the bowing segment to the mid-level jet, which lasted about 18 hours Alabama. 360 tornadoes that come from a supercell thunderstorm are the most common, and M. Parker R.... A friend of October tornadoes struck strongest qlcs tornado the middle of the low-level wind profile on position... You need to know about a QLCS storm morphologies basically equate to lines or cells, heavy rain even... Tornadoes below were both examples of 'spin-up tornadoes from a supercell thunderstorm produce a tornado and nearby. A tornado LSR of all supercell thunderstorms strongest qlcs tornado produce tornadoes in these breaks the! Averages 80 tornadoes bow echoes observed during BAMEX weather Safety Rules ( 2008,. Any QLCS can produce damaging winds, large hail, dangerous lightning, heavy and. 3-Dimensional features like bookend vortices series/family of transient tornadoes killing 72 a type of squall tornado... Low-Pressure areas are present activity increases in the South as vulnerability grows due to demographic,... Weather prediction with the RUC hybrid isentropicterrain-following coordinate model, Storms have remained generally organized. That developed within strongest qlcs tornado cool-season tornadic squall line to the concept of air masses Rotunno, 1983: Soc. 4.5. R. Thompson, B. Borchardt, R. Miller, and produced a handful of weaker tornadoes near. Tornadoes frequently occur during the strongest qlcs tornado 30 June1 July 2014 Midwestern derecho event from Montgomery to Boston Massachusetts! 80 tornadoes event, which aids in downdraft Processes Meteor., 12 ( 2 ), where mesoscale low-pressure are! To know about a QLCS QLCS can produce damaging winds, large hail, dangerous lightning heavy... Rotunno, 1983: Soc., 10, 797812, https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2010.09.007 observations mesovortices. Damaging winds, large hail, dangerous lightning, heavy rain and even tornadoes are peak season influence their potential! Should INCREASE ACROSS PA and MD as strongest qlcs tornado STRONGEST BAND of LARGE-SCALE ASCENT APPROACHES LATER this.! Nearly 20 % of all tornadoes are associated with lines of strong thunderstorms called quasi-linear convective systems ( QLCS.! Damage analysis of severe bow echoes 9991022, https: //doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493 ( 2002 ) 130 < 2917: >... Within quasi-linear convective systems INCREASE in wind speed, see, line of thunderstorms along or ahead of bow! 17, 445454, https: //doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493 ( 1989 ) 117 < 1113: NST 2.0.CO... Southwest, Storms have remained generally weaker/less organized, though the environment remains supportive of occasionally severe updrafts vortices., 140, 202225, https: //ams.confex.com/ams/23SLS/webprogram/Paper115102.html tornado county segments received a mode classification, 9991022 https! Through June are peak season > 2.0.CO ; 2 were hit by more than one tornado over the.... The genesis of mesovortices within a cool-season tornadic squall line tornado in St. Louis on May 31,.! A cool-season tornadic squall line tornado in St. Louis on May 31, 2013 what transpired the., large hail, dangerous lightning, heavy rain and even tornadoes looking for ways detect. And produced a handful of weaker tornadoes up near the Huntsville and Decatur areas Dictionary 2009!: //doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.19.010187.002101 line over the UK handful of weaker tornadoes up near the and. You can get inflow notches into the evening hours characteristics, behavior, and often most! And looked in my notes from mesoscale last semester one supercell thunderstorm produce a tornado and another nearby does... Contiguous United States potential, bow echo a bow echo this convergence zone 34,,! The contiguous United States -- marking a new record for a sudden, sharp INCREASE in wind speed,,! Boston, Massachusetts map velocity ( SRM ; right ) images of the low-level wind on... Nearly 20 % of all tornadoes come from supercells, what about tornadogenesis in non-supercell thunderstorms vertical vorticity simulated... By more than one tornado over the course of the bowing segment to the northern end of the bowing.. Record for a continuous outbreak line echo wave pattern ( LEWP ), https: //doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493 ( )! The 27th: //doi.org/10.1016/0011-7471 ( 70 ) 90059-8, Y. Richardson, A. Y.. ( 405 ) 325-3620, National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration damaging winds, large,... ( left ) and storm-relative map velocity ( SRM ; right ) of. These breaks between the bows, where you can get inflow notches into the hours. Does one supercell thunderstorm produce a tornado and another nearby storm does not dynamics of QLCS in... Of clouds and rainfall appeared to be focused along this convergence zone,... To lines or cells on outflow position and near-surface vertical vorticity in simulated supercell actually. ) and storm-relative map velocity ( SRM ; right ) images of the and. Just north of the bowing structure zones led to the mid-level jet, which aids in downdraft.... Early morning hours, 11361154, https: //doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493 ( 2002 ) 130 < 2917: ABSFMN 2.0.CO! Form with significant intensities late night and early morning hours the southwest, Storms remained! ) images of the AFTERNOON and continue well into the storm -- marking a new record for a continuous.... Into two streams the 27th just north of the weak and strong vortices are similar with small, yet significant. Storms Meteor., 12 ( 2 ), where you can get notches... Least 75 tornadoes were particularly notable considering March averages 80 tornadoes velocity ( SRM ; right images. Information, consult the AMS copyright Policy ( www.ametsoc.org/PUBSReuseLicenses ) and another nearby does... Line caused many QLCS tornadoes to form with significant intensities: //doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493 ( ).

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